VT

V tach is identified by:  wide QRS complexes (>.12 seconds), rate faster than 100 bpm.  In MONOMORPHIC V tach, all QRS complexes look alike.  There are other mechanisms of wide-complex tachycardia, but they can be difficult to differentiate from a single rhythm strip.  All WCT should be treated as V tach until proven otherwise.

These two strips are from one patient who was electrically cardioverted twice in a few minutes.  The original reason for the cardioversion was Torsades de Pointes, a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with a long QT interval.  For more information about TDP, go to this LINK.  It is a bit difficult to comment on the patient's post-cardioversion rhythm, because so little of it is shown.  It appears to be sinus, with a wide QRS.  The QT interval appears slightly prolonged at .44 sec, but it is not known what the QT interval is corrected to a rate of 60/min.  TDP is often seen with QT intervals greater than 600 ms (.6 seconds).  Also THESE STRIPS ARE NOT SIMULTANEOUS, they were taken two minutes apart.  In the first one, the P waves and T waves look so much alike, they could all be P waves.  They do not "march out".  It is necessary to get a long strip, preferably in multiple leads, and a 12-Lead ECG, to properly evaluate the rhythm post-cardioversion. 

This ECG shows a wide-complex tachycardia with a rate of 137/minute.  No patient information is available other than what is on the ECG.  Here, we will comment for the BASIC LEVEL learner, and allow the ECG Gurus out there to add INTERMEDIATE and ADVANCED level comments.

Beginners and emergency workers should ALWAYS be cautioned to treat all wide-complex tachycardias as VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA until proven to be something else.  V Tach is a life-threatening dysrhythmia, and there should be no delay in treatment.  That being said, not all WCTs are V Tach.  The most common "mimic" of V Tach is left bundle branch block.  LBBB can appear along with any supraventricular rhythm, including sinus rhythms, atrial tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, and junctional rhythms.  The diagnostic criteria for LBBB are:  wide QRS (.12 seconds or more), supraventricular rhythm, negative QRS in V1 and positive QRS in V6 and Lead I.  This ECG meets the criteria for LBBB, except that the supraventricular rhythm is hard to prove.  On one hand, P waves are not seen - or at least not easily.  On the other hand, the ECG machine has recorded a PR interval and a P wave axis.  What do you think?

Some of the criteria that would favor the diagnosis of V Tach are not present here: precordial concordance (all QRS complexes in V1 through V6 pointing in same direction), V6 with a negative QRS, AV dissociation.  An extreme axis, especially extreme right, would favor V Tach.  This ECG has an abnormal left axis, which is possible in V Tach AND in LBBB.   For a more thorough discussion by ECG Guru Jason Roediger of the criteria for differentiating V Tach from LBBB and other aberrancy, go to this LINK.

In an emergency setting, WTCs are most often V Tach.  However, should the rhythm turn out to be SVT with aberrant conduction, the usual V Tach treatment protocols would do no harm.  For instance, if the patient is deemed to be "unstable", electric cardioversion is recommended for both V Tach and SVT.  If the patient is stable, the emergency drugs usually recommended are generally safe for both rhythms.

Care should be taken to differentiate SINUS tachycardia from SVT or V Tach.  Sinus tachycardia usually has an obvious physiologic cause (hypoxia, hypovolemia, fear, pain, fever, etc.).  Sinus tachycardia also will be variable in rate, slowing as the cause is alleviated, or speeding if the problem causing the tachycardia becomes worse.  It may require  a long period of observation to determine that the rate is gradually slowing or speeding up.  One would hope to find P waves at some point in sinus tachycardia, and a 12-lead ECG is a great help.

WE LOOK FORWARD TO COMMENTS FROM OUR MEMBERS.

This is a good example of ventricular tachycardia with PRECORDIAL CONCORDANCE.  The QRS complexes in the chest, or precordial, leads all point downward.  When the precordial leads are all  negative or all positive in a wide-complex tachycardia, there is virtually a 100% chance that the WCT is ventricular tachycardia.  This ECG shows many characteristics of VT, including the extreme "backwards" axis:  aVR is positive and II, III, and aVF are negative.  Lead I is almost equiphasic.  Also, the lack of a clear BBB pattern and a negative V6 are strongly suggestive of VT.  REMEMBER:  In the treatment of wide-complex tachycardia, the rhythm should be considered VT unless proven otherwise.  This is especially true in unstable patients, patients over 50 years old, and patients with known heart disease.

INSTRUCTORS' NOTE:  We purposely left the machine interpretation on this week's ECG of the Week.  How many errors did the machine make?  This might be a good teaching point for students of all levels.

This ECG was presented earlier this week as an example of SVT with LBBB aberrancy, which was ultimately converted with one dose of adenosine in the Emergency Department.  It is the most shared and commented on ECG yet to appear on the Guru.  The diagnosis given was the one accepted by the medical staff who cared for the patient, who was a man in his 30's who presented to the Emergency Department complaining of a rapid heart rate.  He was ambulatory with stable vital signs, in spite of the tachycardia. He reported that he has had several episodes of fast heart rate which responded to either Valsalva maneuvers or, in some cases, medication in the ED.  He was told he might benefit from an ablation procedure, but he did not have health insurance and continued to use the ED as his primary source of medical care.  When he was admitted to the ED, the tech initially called for help, thinking the monitor showed ventricular tachycardia.  The ED physician felt that this represented LBBB aberrancy, possibly rate-dependent, and he treated the patient with adenosine.  The rhythm converted to sinus after one dose, and the patient remained stable throughout the process.  He was advised to undergo further observation and testing, but he declined due to financial concerns, and the fact that he usually succeeded in relieving his symptoms with "bearing down".  

Wide-complex tachycardias can be difficult to assess simply from an ECG. The patient's stability depends more upon general health and cardiac output issues than the origin of the tachycardia.  When we presented this ECG, we also presented the diagnosis he had upon discharge from the ED.

Subsequently, ECG Guru Dr. Ken Grauer, a frequent contributer to this site, offered his alternative diagnosis and his explanation of why he believes this to be v tach.  Other well-respected ECG experts have also questioned the original diagnosis.  Please refer to the comments below for this very helpful explanation.  Unfortunately, this patient is lost to followup, as this incident occurred some time ago.

WTCs remain a most fascinating topic, especially for those who enjoy "detective work".  We thank Dr. Grauer, Tom Bouthillet, and others for their contributions to the ECG Guru on this topic.