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Dr A Röschl's picture

HOLTER ECG: FAST VT, ATP, ICD SHOCK

Submitted by Dr A Röschl on Thu, 04/24/2025 - 01:13

Sometimes a single Holter ECG can tell a whole story. Here we see a single-channel ECG, each line representing about 30 seconds.
The ECG is from a 56-year-old man with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy who had an ICD implanted a few months ago due to recurrent ventricular tachycardia.
The explanation of what can be seen on this ECG can be found on the 2nd image.
Interestingly, the patient did not notice these events, they had occurred at night during sleep.

Dr A Röschl's picture

CONCEALED CONDUCTION AND VENTRICULOPHASIC SINUS ARRHYTHMIA

Submitted by Dr A Röschl on Wed, 01/08/2025 - 06:44

Sometimes in a simple 1-lead ECG strip, various interesting ECG phenomena can be recognized, such as here. One could briefly look over the ECG, make the diagnosis of ventricular bigemininy and then be satisfied.
On closer inspection, however, 3 questions arise:
1. Is the P wave behind the PVC a sinus node P or an atrial extrasystole?
2. + 3. after one comes to the conclusion that it is a sinus node P: why is it not conducted and why is the PP distance smaller when there is a QRS complex in between than when there is not.

Dr A Röschl's picture

WHY IS THIS A PVC?

Submitted by Dr A Röschl on Tue, 11/12/2024 - 02:29

The answer to the question is relatively simple. A premature atrial contraction (PAC) is usually characterized by the occurrence of a premature P wave. If the premature P wave is conducted, it is followed by a premature QRS complex. A premature VENTRICULAR contraction (PVC) is a premature beat from the ventricles with a wide QRS complex. A PVC will not have a P wave ASSOCIATED with it. There may be NO P wave before the QRS, or there may be an UNRELATED P wave present. The sinus P wave may be present if the PVC occurs just after the P, but before a normal QRS can result.

Dr A Röschl's picture

PVCs With VA Conduction

Submitted by Dr A Röschl on Sat, 07/27/2024 - 04:06

Why is the pause after the PVCs relatively long? We see a sinus arrhythmia in the rhythm strip. The ventricular extrasystoles penetrate the AV node retrogradely and reset the sinus rhythm, which then restarts. VA conduction can be recognized by the inverted P wave following the QRS complex of the ventricular extrasystole (PVC).

Dr A Röschl's picture

Sinus Bradycardia and More

Submitted by Dr A Röschl on Mon, 11/20/2023 - 03:40

Let's analyze the ECG. It comes from a pacemaker patient whose pacemaker was briefly switched to VVI at 30 bpm due to a stimulation threshold test. The first 3 beats show a sinus rhythm with a frequency of approx. 40 bpm. This is followed by a premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The P wave of the next sinus node beat lands exactly on the T of the PVC. This cannot be conducted to the ventricles, either because the ventricular myocardium is still unexcitable or the PVC has conducted retrogradely into the AV node and this is therefore still refractory.

Dawn's picture

Anterior Wall M.I. With Bifascicular Block

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 03/25/2017 - 15:13

This ECG is taken from an 82-year-old man who called 911 because of chest pain.  He has an unspecified “cardiac” history, but we do not know the specifics. 

WHAT IS THE RHYTHM?  The heart rate is 69 bpm, and there are P waves before every QRS complex. The underlying rhythm is regular, with one premature beat that is wide without a P wave.  The PR interval is slightly prolonged at .25 seconds.  The rhythm is normal sinus rhythm with first-degree AV block and one PVC. 

WHY THE WIDE QRS?   The QRS complex is wide at .14 seconds. The QRS in V 1 has a wide R wave after a small Q wave.  This in consistent with right bundle branch block pattern, with loss of the normal initial small r wave (pathological Q waves).  The diagnosis of RBBB is further corroborated by the wide little S waves in Leads I and V6.  The QRS frontal plane axis is -66 degrees per the machine, and clearly “abnormal left” because the QRS in Lead II is negative, while the QRS in Leads I and aVL are positive.  This is left anterior fascicular block, also called left anterior hemiblock.  The combination of RBBB and LAFB is a common one, as the two branches have the same blood supply.  It is also called bi-fascicular block. 

WHAT ABOUT THE ST SEGMENTS?  The ST segments in leads V2 through V6 are elevated, and their shape is very straight, as opposed to the normal shape of coved upward (smile). Even though the amount of ST elevation at the J points appears subtle, the shape of the segments, the fact that they appear in related leads, and the fact that the patient is an elderly male with chest pain all point to the diagnosis of ANTERIOR WALL ST elevation M.I. (STEMI).  Additional ST changes include a straight shape in Leads I and aVL and ST depression in V1 and aVR.  

PATIENT OUTCOME  The patient was transported to a cardiac center, where he received angioplasty in the cath lab.  The left coronary artery was found to be occluded, and was repaired and stented.  He recovered without complications and was sent home in a few days.

Dawn's picture

ECG Basics: Sinus Rhythm With Ventricular Bigeminy

Submitted by Dawn on Tue, 07/07/2015 - 15:03

This rhythm strip offers two leads taken at the same time, Lead II and Lead V1.  The Lead II strip may not look "typical" to a beginning student, because the sinus beats are very small and biphasic.  This is due to an axis shift, which cannot be evaluated without more leads.

One of the best teaching opportunities in this strip is the concept of "underlying rhythm" with ectopy.  The underlying rhythm here is sinus.  But there are sinus P waves which are hidden, making the sinus rate twice what it appears to be.  The P waves are invisible in the Lead II strip, with baseline artifact making them even harder to see.  But in V1, we are able to find them at the end of the PVCs' T waves.  The sinus rhythm is a bit irregular toward the end of the strip.  There are probably many things a more advanced practitioner could say about this strip, but it usually requires more than one or two leads to do a complete evaluation.  For your basic student, it is a good example of sinus rhythm with ventricular bigeminy.

Dawn's picture

ECG Basics: Normal Sinus Rhythm With Premature Ventricular Contractions

Submitted by Dawn on Sat, 02/21/2015 - 17:22

This ECG shows an underlying rhythm of normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 80 / min.  There are two premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).  The sinus rhythm actually continues uninterrupted, causing a “compensatory pause”.  If you march out the P waves, you may even see hints of the hidden P waves in the ST segments of the PVCs.  The P waves that occur in the ST segments of the PVCs land in the refractory period of the ventricles, and so are unable to continue into the ventricles and cause a QRS. 

 

It is also permissible to call these beats “ventricular premature beats (VPBs)” or “ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)”.  

Dawn's picture

Left Bundle Branch Block With Left Atrial Enlargement

Submitted by Dawn on Sun, 06/08/2014 - 22:29

This ECG, kindly donated by Dr. Ahmed from India, is from a 70-year-old man shows a sinus rhythm at 80 bpm with left bundle branch block (LBBB), left atrial enlargement (LAE), and a premature ventricular contraction (PVC). The ECG criteria for LBBB is:  1) Wide QRS  - greater than or equal to .12 seconds;  2) Supraventricular rhythm;  3) QRS that is negative in V1 and positive in Leads I and V6. In leads with a positive QRS, we will see some ST depression, and in leads with a negative QRS, some ST elevation.  This is "normal" for the wide QRS rhythm, and does not indicate injury or ischemia, although it does not rule it out, either.  LBBB is an indicator of cardiac disease, but not specific to one etiology.

There is a PVC seen as the 8th beat from the left, and it gives you a chance to show your students a wide-complex beat that is NOT associated with a P wave and is premature, compared to the wide-complex SINUS beats with LBBB.  The PVC, being wide-complex, also has similar ST changes:  the ST segments and T waves are DISCORDANT with the QRS complexes.

The P waves show some signs of enlargement of the left atrium.  The P waves in Lead II are tall and pointed, and the P waves in V1 are biphasic.  Left atrial enlargement in a patient with LBBB would not be surprising, as both are associated with left ventricular dysfunction.  Patients with these ECG patterns should be thoroughly evaluated for congestive heart failure.  Patients with LBBB, low ejection fractions, and heart failure are treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy, using a pacemaker that paces the atria and each ventricle, synchronizing both the A-V coupling interval and the depolarization of the ventricles for optimum cardiac output.

Dawn's picture

ECG BASICS: Sinus Rhythm With Ventricular Bigeminy

Submitted by Dawn on Thu, 05/09/2013 - 13:20

Nice, clear example of ventricular bigeminy with an underlying sinus rhythm.  We do not know from this strip if the sinus rhythm is a bradycardia at a rate of about 42 per minute, or if the underlying sinus rhythm is actually at a rate of 85 per minute, with every other sinus beat inhibited by the occurance of a PVC.  In the first possibility, the ventricular beats would be considered "escape" beats, positively contributing to the patient's heart rate.  In the second instance, the rather late-occurring PVCs would cause the heart to be refractory, preventing the sinus P wave from conducting it's impulse to the ventricles.   Sometimes, we can see signs of the sinus P wave "hiding" in the PVC, but in this case, if P waves exist, they fall almost exactly in the middle of the ventricular beats' QRS complex, making them invisible.  A good strategy would be to watch the strip continuously for some time, hoping to catch the conduction of two sinus beats in a row, solving the dilemma.

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